The Bi-Factor Model (B2) shows that there is one common liability to these three forms of psychopathology ( p) as well as a set of independent factors which influence a smaller subset of symptoms and disorders. The Higher-Order Factor Model (B1) shows that there is a second-order factor arising from the Internalizing, Externalizing, and Psychotic Experiences first-order latent variables p represents the variance shared among the three spectra. Panels B1 and B2 show two ways to conceptualize p, respectively. The high correlations between these latent traits suggested the possibility that they could be accounted for by a general factor of psychopathology, labelled “ p”. In this model, the latent variables represent variance shared (or comorbidity) among the disorders within each of three spectra: Internalizing, Externalizing, Psychotic Experiences. Panel A shows a Correlated-Factors Model, which is the original structural model used in psychopathology research. Here, the authors summarize the history of the unidimensional idea, review modern research into p, demystify statistical models, articulate some implications of p for prevention and clinical practice, and outline a transdiagnostic research agenda.ĭevelopment Diagnosis And Classification Etiology Transdiagnostic p Factor. A dimension of p may help account for ubiquitous nonspecificity in psychiatry: multiple disorders share the same risk factors and biomarkers and often respond to the same therapies. Studies show that the higher a person scores on p, the worse that person fares on measures of family history of psychiatric illness, brain function, childhood developmental history, and adult life impairment. It influences present/absent status on hundreds of psychiatric symptoms, which modern nosological systems typically aggregate into dozens of distinct diagnoses, which in turn aggregate into three overarching domains, namely, the externalizing, internalizing, and psychotic experience domains, which finally aggregate into one dimension of psychopathology from low to high: p.
As the g dimension reflects low to high mental ability, the p dimension represents low to high psychopathology severity, with thought disorder at the extreme. This single dimension of general psychopathology has been termed "p," because it conceptually parallels a dimension already familiar to behavioral scientists and clinicians: the "g" factor of general intelligence. In both child and adult psychiatry, empirical evidence has now accrued to suggest that a single dimension is able to measure a person's liability to mental disorder, comorbidity among disorders, persistence of disorders over time, and severity of symptoms.
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